2 - Encoded Equilibrium in Compact Object Populations

 2 - Encoded Equilibrium in Compact Object Populations

DOI: To Be Assigned

John Swygert

March 7, 2026

Abstract


The rapid expansion of gravitational-wave detections over the past decade has revealed a structured population of compact stellar remnants. Observational evidence suggests that neutron stars and black holes occupy well-defined mass regions rather than forming a continuous distribution. This paper examines gravitational-wave and electromagnetic observations of compact object masses and proposes that these distributions reflect equilibrium boundaries imposed by stellar collapse physics.

1. Introduction

Gravitational-wave detections have provided unprecedented access to the population of compact stellar remnants. The LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA (LVK) collaborations have cataloged hundreds of merger events, complemented by electromagnetic observations of neutron stars and black holes in binary systems. These combined datasets reveal non-random distributions in compact object masses, suggesting underlying physical equilibrium conditions.

2. Data Sources

Gravitational-wave data from GWTC-4.0 includes mass measurements from 218 merger events. Electromagnetic data includes pulsar timing measurements for neutron stars and dynamical mass estimates for black holes in X-ray binaries.

3. Population Structure

The observed population shows:

  • Neutron star masses concentrated between 1.2–2.0 M⊙.

  • Black hole masses starting at approximately 5 M⊙, with a peak population up to 50 M⊙.

  • Suppression of objects in intermediate ranges and above certain upper limits.

These features correspond to equilibrium points in stellar evolution physics.

4. Equilibrium Framework

Equilibrium in compact object formation arises from the balance between gravitational forces and quantum degeneracy pressure. The observed boundaries align with theoretical limits such as the Chandrasekhar limit for white dwarfs (precursors) and similar thresholds for neutron stars and black holes. In TSTOEAO terms, these represent substrate-resolved states minimizing evolutionary gradients.

5. Discussion

The structured population supports a unified view of stellar endpoints. Future detections may reveal additional equilibrium features in spin and composition distributions.

Conclusion

Compact object populations encode equilibrium signatures, validating TSTOEAO's substrate model at astrophysical scales.


References:

  1. LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, KAGRA Collaboration. (2026). GWTC-4.0: Updating the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog with Observations from the First Part of the Fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Observing Run. arXiv:2508.18082 [gr-qc].


  1. LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, KAGRA Collaboration. (2026). GWTC-4.0: An Introduction to Version 4.0 of the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog. arXiv:2508.18080 [gr-qc].


  1. Swygert, J. (2025). Substrate Signatures: Testable Predictions for O4 Gravitational Waves. tstoeao.com.

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